ABSTRACT
The purpose of the article is to study the impact of transaction costs on managerial decision-making on the example of Ukrainian enterprises. The article notes that, despite the significant achievements of the institutional theory, there are still questions about the clarity of understanding of its key concepts and definitions, the content of transaction costs and the concept of their minimization, the expediency and efficiency of the existence of certain types of transaction costs. The subject of the study is the essence of transaction costs of the enterprise and their modern classification. The methodological basis of the study was an integrated approach to the essence and classification of transaction costs, as well as general scientific and special research methods: retrospective and systematic analysis, comparison and generalization, grouping and sampling, methods of building linear and nonlinear economic and statistical models with constraints. As noted above, the main issue of the study was the classification of transaction costs. The economic situation in Ukraine was assessed, which allowed to determine that transaction costs are quite high for enterprises due to: insufficient development of markets, unformed structure of institutions, complex and ambiguous legislation, significant tax pressure and existing facts of corruption. The authors noted that the list of components of transaction costs is constantly updated due to the complication of the socio-economic conditions for doing business associated with crisis-forming force majeure factors (in particular, the COVID-19 pandemic), which have become very significant for the world economy and have significantly changed approaches to the allocation of investment resources. As a result of the study, it is proposed to supplement the existing classification of transaction costs with costs associated with adapting to new business conditions ("adaptation cost"), which together characterize the ability of an enterprise to adapt to new conditions of functioning and development. The main conclusions of the study include the fact that, given current trends, reducing transaction costs is becoming a priority issue. At the same time, in the context of the proposed classification, a model for minimizing transaction costs was developed for the first time, which includes a modern classification of transaction costs and provides the possibility of their modeling for a more complete and logical calculation. According to the authors, the presented model will provide an opportunity to more correctly determine the effectiveness of management decisions related to investments in the core business of the enterprise. It is important to note that, given the basic provisions of institutional theory, a significant amount of transaction costs, in principle, can neutralize the investment process. Thus, the study is of both theoretical and practical importance and gives an idea of solving a number of both industrial and social problems and can become the basis for further research.
ABSTRACT
The article investigates the impact of force majeure crisis factors that appeared in the Ukrainian economy as a result of the global recession, the events of 2014-2021 (annexation of Crimea, temporary occupation of part of the industrial territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, military operations in Donbas, during the fight against pandemic (COVID-19), war in 2022 on the stable development of regions. Based on the analysis of official indicators of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, it was proved that the said factors create additional multiplier and accel-eration effects that adversely affect the dynamics of the gross regional product in the crisis conditions. It has been determined that the result of these effects is the transformation of crisis signals from a proactive to an active phase. The construction of a heat map of GRP correlation indicators made it possible to determine the existence of a dis-balance between the economic and social development of the regions. Building a model of linear regression, allowed us to draw conclusions about the existing disbalance of GRP regions during the crisis and war. © 2023, Politechnika Lubelska. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays in Ukraine, people must plan their future according to the specifics of new relations - the new specifics of communications, labor organization etc. Each industry has both common problems and its own specifics. This paper examines the specifics of the education field by researching issues of higher education at Lviv Polytechnic, Lviv National Agrarian University, Ukrainian Academy of Printing in the field of information technology. In particular, the impact of time on graduates and the effectiveness of knowledge they`ve received at the university. The study is based on a survey of graduates of ICTA, Lviv National Agrarian University, Ukrainian Academy of Printing, which contains questions grouped into three subgroups: subjective perception of the studying process, subjective feeling for choosing a profession, subjective feeling of the need for changes in the education system. The survey was conducted in the target group of graduates. The answers in the training group shows the level of satisfaction with the baggage of knowledge and convictions in the quality of education among graduates. Indicate the level of how the market sees the prospects for computer science. Answers in the cyber security group is the attitude of young people (computer science students) to the provision of cyber communication at the state level. No research has been conducted on the provision of the internet at the university level. The results of the work are visualized and presented both in graphs and in absolute and relative values. The study can assess the level of resilience of computer science specialties to the problems caused by the pandemic, including distance studying and distance work in IT companies. To enhance the results, the dynamics of recruitment of entrants over several years was analyzed. In the report for 2021 we see that the number of freshmen has increased in Lviv universities. Of the 100% of surveyed students, who worked during the pandemic in the private IT companies, worked remotely and received a full salary, which also shows the resilience of the specialty to the challenges of the pandemic (this mode reduces risks and their distribution). © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors.
ABSTRACT
Thrombotic complications are known for COVID-19. Also some sources report a risk of thrombosis after the immunization by vector-based vaccines. These facts make it important to evaluate the main parameters of the blood coagulation system in persons who were vaccinated by AstraZeneca anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Blood samples of patients from 25 to 68 years old, women and men were collected in Ternopil region in August 2021 after 7 days after the 1st (n = 27) and the 2nd (n = 8) shots of vaccine. Soluble Fibrin (SF) and D-dimer were quantified using immunodiagnostics developed in Palladin Institute of Biochemistry. The concentration of fibrinogen was determined by the modified spectrophotometric method using a thrombin-like enzyme. The level of protein C (PC) was measured using chromogenic substrate S2366. Statistical data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon- Mann-Whitney test. We did not find a statistically significant increasing of concentration of fibrinogen or D-dimer. However, we did find several markers of the predisposition to thrombophilia that are accompanied by chronic diseases, such as hypertonia, diabetes, obesity, etc, can lead to intravascular blood clotting. First of all, 63% of persons had SF (more than 7 mkg/ ml) after the 1st shot of the vaccine. Also, they possess decreasing (level less than 80%) of the important anticoagulant protein - PC in 33% and 43% of persons after the 1st and the 2nd shots respectively. Our studies did not find the thrombotic events or predispositions to thrombosis caused by vaccination by AstraZeneca vaccine. However, 1/3 of studied vaccinated persons exhibited the risk of thrombophilia. These markers must be evaluated with the aim to avoid any unwanted issues during the vaccinations in the case of risk group patients.
ABSTRACT
The article presents digitalization results for decision aids in geo-political risks management for maritime logistics within Industry 4.0 period, in the context of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. During the study, the methods of data bases constructing, web-technologies and virtual reality tools are used. Also, there are used Foresight technologies, theory of decision making under uncertainties and risk management. As digitalization tools, online platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources in distributed networks, are proposed to use. The study proposes a structural model that combines investment objectives with the cost of adequate management support adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change conditions. The use of the developed decision-making tools for managing the geopolitical risks of maritime logistics in the Russian Arctic and Subarctic is demonstrated. The research results presented in this article has significant scientific novelty and can be useful for private investors, public environmental organizations of the civil sector and state environmental control bodies. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
The article shows digital tools development results for geo-information support of Northern Sea Route within Industry 4.0 period in the context of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. The methods of data bases constructing, web-technologies and virtual reality tools are used in the study. Foresight technologies, theory of decision making under uncertainties and risk management are also used. As digital tools, it is proposed to use digital online platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources with the use of web-technologies in distributed networks and wide application of cloud services. In the research, data bases and tools of geo-information digital online platforms Earth and EOS are used, including its Land Viewer product. As a result, the usage of geo-information support system for Northern Sea Route area is demonstrated. The research results presented in this article has significant scientific novelty and can be useful for private investors, public environmental organizations of the civil sector and state environmental control bodies. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Paper describes digitalization development results of icebreaker support for fuel-energy resources transportation via Arctic and Subarctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. In study, there are used theory of decision making under uncertainties, risk management approach, Foresight technologies, methods of databases constructing in case of digital risk management platforms. In research, preference is given to the use of geo-information digital online platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources with the use of web-technologies in distributed networks and wide application of cloud services. There is considered examples of chosen platforms using for icebreaker support of fuel-energy resources transportation via Arctic and Subarctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. The presented research results have significant scientific novelty and can be useful for state environmental control bodies, commercial organizations and private investors. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Article present digital transformation results of geo-information support for large gas projects in Arctic within Industry 4.0 era under climate change and COVID-19. In study, there are used Foresight technologies, theory of decision making under uncertainties, risk management approach, methods of databases constructing in case of digital risk management platforms. Currently, the ways of geo-information support for large arctic gas projects have distinct features of digitalization with new concepts in data obtaining and presenting. In paper, preference is given to the use of digital risk management platforms, which integrate heterogeneous hardware and software resources with the use of web-technologies in distributed networks and wide application of cloud services. There is considered examples of different digital natural risk management platforms for large arctic gas projects. The presented research results have significant scientific noveltyδ can be used in training and educational purposes and can be useful for private investors, public environmental organizations of the civil sector and state environmental control bodies. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
ABSTRACT
A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, that emerged as a major pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 was identified as a betacoronavirus. Nucleocapsid protein (NP) is evolutionary high protein homologies and solid structure protein for SARS-CoV-2 detection as opposed to other proteins, that aren`t reliable as a single viral antigen during diagnostics methods. The viral RNA can be detected from nasal and pharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage samples by PCR assay. However, the wrong collection of samples can lead to false-negative diagnosis and have dangerous consequences at this stage of pandemic. One of efficient and accurate methodological approaches for the screening of pathogens are serological assays. Aim. Evaluation and comparison of the sensitivity of invented DIA®-SARS-CoV-2-Ag-R enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based test system and commercial rapid tests, which detect the viral antigen of SARS-CoV-2. Methods. We carried out a comparison of DIA®-SARS-CoV-2-Ag-R and existed commercial test systems, which are used to detect the antigen of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Rapid tests are intended for nasopharyngeal swabs, but we proposed a protein of our own manufacture – recombinant NP as a calibrator. The detection limit was calibrated by standard CFAR #100982 NIBSC, UK. We had determined levels of NP (1400, 900, 750, 640 and 280 pg/mL) that we used as a sample for the rapid tests. The COVID-19 Ag Rapid Tests were performed according to the manufactures instructions at room temperature. Results. DIA®-SARS-CoV-2-Ag-R detected 10 pg/mL of in-house standard of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 NP. The positive results were observed using 1400, 900, 750 pg/mL, while 640 and 280 pg/mL samples were performed as negative in ABBOTT-PanBio test. The rapid tests manufactured by МBU, BIOTIME, Core Technology, SD BIOSENSOR and Turklab showed positive results only in 1400 pg/mL concentration. NP of lower levels was detected as a negative sample. The LEPU MEDICAL test was evaluated as positive sample using 900 pg/mL. The rapid test manufactured by Green Cross Medical Science Corp. showed negative results for all levels of NP. It can mean that the sensitivity of test is lower and demands higher level of antigen to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions. The study presented an excellent analytical sensitivity of DIA®-SARS-CoV-2-Ag-R against commercial Antigen rapid tests. Thus, invented ELISA test system can be recommended for widespread usage for detection and confirmation of acute stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2021, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, NAS of Ukraine. All rights reserved.